Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur

                     Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur

Apparently it seems the Afghan Governors of Dera Ghazi Khan district, appointed directly from Khurasan /Kabul, as earlier mentioned, were mostly indifferent rulers. They had generally less familiarity with and knowledge of the area, its people and Baloch tribes inhabiting most of its plains and adjoining Suleman range. One of their main handicaps was perhaps the communication-gap, as they did not know the local languages i.e. Balochi and Seraiki; Baloch then speaking almost entirely Balochi and non-Baloch population speaking Seraiki. The ignorance of these Afghan /Pathan Governors, sent by the rulers from Kabul, is attested by Rai Hittu Ram.[1] In all, there were 16 or 17 Governors, whose total tenure of rule is about 40 years, during the last decades of 18th century to earlier decades of 19th century. They belonged mostly to families of then ruling elite of Afghanistan, as their names in the available record indicate; Saddozai, Barakzai, Badozai, Durrani, Popalzai etc[2].  

Almost from the start of governorship of these directly-appointed Governors, a sort of anarchy began to prevail in the district. The Baloch tribes both in the plains and Suleman Range started indulging in their ‘favorite’ marauding activities with more impunity, pillaging and looting the relatively less militant but productive classes. At the same time, their marauding adventures would not spare their neighboring brother-Baloch tribes, creating a chain of incessant revenge attacks and fratricide. There seemed to be a wave of tribal battles among the Baloch of Dera Ghazi Khan District, the period of which coincides, roughly, with the tenure of these direct appointees.????

Each Baloch tribe in the district was at war with all its neighboring tribes; right, left, front and back, as one can visualize from the Balochi ballads[3] of that period i.e. around 2nd half of the 18th century and on-wards.  The maintenance of existing canals, what to speak of excavating new ones, was abandoned, resulting in closure of most of these channels. The agriculture, main source of the government revenue, suffered badly. The peaceful agricultural classes started migrating to the cis-Indus areas.[4]???????/

Reports by earlier British officials, appointed in the district, speak of the remnants of what-must-be-in-the-past flourishing villages and contours of inundation canals testify to this state of affairs.[5] But, to be fair to these Afghan Governors, the sole responsibility of disruption in agriculture as a result of closure of irrigation channels and the surge in Baloch in-fighting and marauding can not be placed solely upon them. There was a major environmental disruption in Dera Ghazi Khan District, around the same period; upon which we will dwell shortly.?????

Obviously, in a state of affairs of anarchy and setback to agriculture, the revenue of the Kabul government from the district began to decrease, which must be disturbing for any government. The local administrators in the district started coercive measures to get maximum possible out of the people. This must have created discontentment.

Rai Hittu Ram narrates that when an Afghan Governor of Dera Ghazi Khan was asked by the King /authorities in Khurasan (Kabul) about the state of agriculture, he sent false report about the crops being good and as usual. After the harvest, when there was no satisfactory revenue income, he forcibly recovered four hundred thousand (4 Lac) Rupees from the people, like dacoits do, and deposited with the government treasury in Kabul.[6](Four hundred thousand Rupees in late 18th century must not be less than Rs.4 Billion of today).

The indifference and incompetence of these Afghan Governors of Dera Ghazi Khan district can somehow also be excused because of uncertain conditions in Afghanistan proper after the death of Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1773 A.D.  He was succeeded by his favorite (but not the eldest) son, Taimur Shah.[7] Like all the members of elites of Afghanistan, then and afterwards, Taimur Shah spoke Persian. But he did not have even reasonable familiarity with Pashto;[8] unlike his father, who spoke both Persian and Pashto, but is said to have been more comfortable with Pashto and Pashtun tribesmen. (By the way, Ahmad Shah Abdali also wrote poetry and that too, in Pashto.[9]) Though Taimur Shah faced no serious challenge from any contender for the throne of Kabul, the Afghanistan kingdom’s disintegration started.????????

The decay which began during his reign became more evident within a short period of his death in 1793 A.D.[10]. It was after his death that badshahgardi in Afghanistan started in earnest and had a bearing on Dera Ghazi Khan District. Sir Olaf Caroe’s translation ofbadshahgardi as literally ‘King-turning’ and meaning dynastic strife[11] is somewhat different from what we in present times would have done. Like ‘Ghundagardi’ by which we mean ‘excesses committed by hooligans’, we would translate badshahgardi as ‘tyranny by kings’. Anyway, badshahgardi of 18th century Afghanistan had some connotations of our meanings too.

Turning back to our narrative; Taimur Shah left behind him 23 sons and un-numbered daughters.[12] Obviously most, if not all, of his sons were aspiring for the throne of Kabul. By commonsense and tradition, Taimur Shah’s eldest son from a royal lady of Saddozai clan, prince Humayun, would have succeeded him. But because of palace maneuverings and other factors, Taimur was succeeded by his son, Shah Zaman,  /Zaman Shah, from his favorite Yousufzai wife. Naturally, prince Humayun (and some other brothers too) disputed Shah Zaman’s accession to the throne.???????/

During the period of badshahgardi, this prince Humayun, after failure of his second attempt to dislodge Shah Zaman, around 1794 A.D, fled to Sunghar (almost southern half of present Taunsa sub-Division of Dera Ghazi Khan District). At that time the Chief of Sunghar was Massu Khan Notakani, who assisted the fugitive prince and managed to smuggle him across the Indus by Dera Fateh Khan pattan (ferry), to area of Layyah (spelt Leiah till 1982).

There in Layyah (Leiah) area, the prince, along with his companions, stopped at a well and took some sugarcane sticks from the owner /Zamindar, paying an Asharfi (Coin of gold). This payment was much more than the Zamindar would have expected. (Most probably he would have given the sugarcane sticks free of cost, as is the custom in the area even till today!). This aroused curiosity among the people of the area. Hearing the news, Muhammad Khan, Nawab of Thal, who was at Layyah (Leiah) at that time, suspecting that it may be the fugitive prince, immediately pursued the prince along with some force. (King Shah Zaman had announced untold rewards and orders for the capture of Prince Humayun).

Nawab Muhammad Khan overtook the prince at a well in Thal, some 25 Kilo Meter from Layyah (Leiah). The prince had some 20 /30 horsemen with him, who offered a gallant resistance. A young son of the prince and some of his horsemen were killed in the skirmish. The prince was captured, along with his remaining companions and brought to Layyah (Leiah). The news was immediately transmitted to Shah Zaman, who ordered that the prince should be blinded and his companions should be executed by disemboweling them. Among the prisoners killed at Layyah (Leiah) was a brother of powerful WazirFatteh Khan Barakzai; who looms large in the history of Afghanistan of those times.

Nawab Muhammad Khan was rewarded with title of Sarbuland Khan and government of Dera Ismail Khan, in addition to what he already held.[13] (Later on Shah Zaman was himself blinded, after he was deposed by another half-brother, Shah Mahmud. The celebrated British diplomat and historian, Mountstuart Elphinstone, met Shah Zaman near Rawalpindi in 1809 when the latter was in the entourage of his younger brother King Shah Shuja, who was himself fleeing Afghanistan kingdom after their half-brother Shah Mahmud again captured the throne. Mountstuart Elphinstone gives vivid account of his meeting with the blind ex-king Shah Zaman[14]).????

Leaving the Afghan kings and governors for a while, we come to the environmental catastrophe to which we alluded earlier. It hit the Dera Ghazi District towards start of the last decade of 18th century and its adverse effects engulfed the area and its people. It was the major change in the course of the river Indus in this district, in or around 1790 A.D.[15](Some sources say that most likely it occurred in 1787 A.D. but not all agree to this date[16]).

The Indus shifted to its present bed from its previous bed, making breach in its western bank near Kinjhir (renamed as Shah Jamal since last 2/3 decades under ‘Islamisation’ initiated by Gen. ZiaulHaq, though one is perplexed as to what was ‘Un-Islamic’ in its original name!) in present Muzaffargarh district.[17] Earlier flowing near Kinjhir, passing along present Shahr Sultan, the Indus joined (combined waters of all the five Punjab Rivers, here generally called) Chenab, a few Kilo Meter southeast of Shahr Sultan, almost opposite Uchch. By rough estimate, the old and new beds are not less than 40 Kilo Meter apart. This change shifted the confluence point of both rivers, about 100 Kilo Meter downstream, close to Kot Mithon (in present Rajanpur District).???????/

This shift in the course of River Indus is said to have been caused by a canal, excavated by Nawab (Makhdum?) of Sitpur,[18] on the right bank of the Indus. This man-made structure most probably caused hurdle in the normal flow during some unprecedented flood and the Khwaja Khidir – Indus in Baloch terminology mixed with mythology – became furious, causing not only economic but also political convulsions in the Dera Ghazi Khan District and by extension in the District of Muzaffargarh.???????

The mouths /heads of most of the existing canals and their structures became inoperative; particularly those feeding southern areas of the District, (roughly from Dera Ghazi Khan town to southward, including those areas of present Muzaffargarh District which were on right bank previously and the shift in course of the Indus catapulted them on the left bank). Besides that, the Chhal or inundation waters of the Indus during monsoon started reaching those areas on the west, which had perhaps never witnessed them in the past. This caused convulsions, as the Baloch tribes in the plains and by extension in the Suleman Range saw their resources and space squeezed.

It resulted in unprecedented in-fighting among different Baloch tribes, as already mentioned. Resultantly, some tribes /Tumuns of the Baloch in plains and Suleman Range disintegrated. For example the Jistkani /Jaskani tribe in the plains lost its Tumundar andTumun, under the pressure from the Dreshaks, who in turn were being pushed by the Mazaris and others.

Different sections of Jaskanis moved into other tribes and became merged with them. Similarly, the Hassanis, who were earlier banished by Khan of Kalat Mir Naseer Khan the Great from his dominions and had sheltered themselves in Nisao plain in Suleman Range, were forced by the Marris and Dreshaks to seek abode within Khetran tribe in present Barkhan district of north-eastern Balochistan, within Suleman Range and eventually became part of it, loosing their Tumundar, Tumundari and Tumun.[19]

Some of the Nahar Pathans, once ruling people in Sitpur principality, as earlier mentioned, after being pushed out of Rojhan areas by Mazaris and from other areas by other Baloch tribes, also sought abode /refuge with the Khetrans.[20] (By the way, the Mazaris had ousted the Nahars from Rojhan /Kin areas of present Rajanpur district and Kashmore areas of present upper Sind, during early 3/4 decades of 18th century).

The Jatois saw themselves, after this shift in the course of the Indus, at its left bank, detached from main body of the Baloch tribes, though some of its members still remain and hold some agricultural lands in the areas on the right bank. Because of now being in cis-Indus area, the Jatois perhaps escaped the furiousness of in-fighting of late 18th and early 19th century, though we find at least one Balochi Ballad, relating to their fighting against Mazaris, but it most probably relates to some earlier period, when both the tribes were in trans-Indus areas. (Khan Bahadur, Sardar Kaura Khan Jatoi (19th – early 20thcentury) was a prominent Chief of Jatois of Muzaffargarh, who bestowed large tracts of his lands to a trust ‘Sardar Kaura Khan Trust’ the income of which was mainly meant for stipends and scholarships[21] to the Baloch and other Muslim students. By tradition, Sardar Abdul Qayyum Jatoi, former Pakistani Federal Minister, is present chief of Jatois, who is reputed to be a simple and thorough gentleman.)

By and large, the northern areas of the Dera Ghazi Khan District should not have been affected by shift in the course of the Indus, but they also felt the heat as chain reaction of its ill-effects in the southern parts. Though the oral traditions among the Qaisrani tribe speak of pushing out the Magassi tribe from the areas which now form Qaisrani Tumun in plains and adjacent Suleman Range in Taunsa sub-Division, but these traditions most probably relate to some earlier period.

This faction of Magassi tribe, afterwards settled in Chaubarah area of present Layyah (Leiah) District, where they have considerable agricultural lands and importance /dominance in local politics.

Coming back to Afghan /Pathan governors of Dera Ghazi Khan, we have found that fall of agriculture in the District during their tenure and general anarchy and – as Rai Hittu Ram terms the Baloch unrest – the Baloch Shorida Sari,  Shorish and in-fighting / marauding[22]was not of their making solely.  It had other reasons as well, as we have explained.

On the contrary, in earlier period of Afghan rule, for example during Ahmad Shah Abdali’s suzerainty, the town of Dera Ghazi Khan gained much importance in commerce and was considered as one of the ‘gates of Khurasan’ with Shikarpur of Sind.[23] This commerce and trade benefited the Baloch tribes indirectly as each organized and ‘state-recognized’ tribe was entitled, since long, to collect Badarqa levy (security charges) on the goods and Caravans passing through its Tumun. For example, Qaisranis used to get 8 Annas (Re. 0.5) on each camel-load and one Anna (Re. 0.0625) on each pony-load of goods from Caravans of traders, passing through their area and passes[24].

Similarly Gorchanis collected 8 Annas (Re. 0.5) on each camel-load passing throughChhachhar pass, besides octroi type levies.[25] The Legharis also recovered similar amounts from Caravans passing through Sakhi Sarwar pass.[26] This source of income must be substantial for Legharis, as Sakhi Sarwar pass was one of main routes to Khurasan for trade Caravans. 

Similar Badarqa levy was practiced by each organized Baloch tribe of Dera Ghazi Khan, according to oral traditions. (Of course, major portion of this income went to the chiefs of the tribes!).

It seems that these Afghan Governors of Dera Ghazi Khan District had come with intentions of settling here permanently, as they had moved with their families and kinsmen, because they had brought their teachers-cum-holy men, called Akhund, also with them (or asked their Akhunds to take abode in Dera Ghazi Khan).

The descendants of these Afghan Governors, their kinsmen and their Akhunds are settled in Dera Ghazi Khan town and elsewhere in the District, as respectable and well-off citizens, mostly assimilated with locals. Some of the Akhund and Durrani families have, however, retained their Afghani Persian tongue for communication within their homes.

The example is the family of Aligarh-educated Akhund Abdul Karim Bamezai, as told by Akhund Aurangzeb Raza, a young lawyer of Dera Ghazi Khan. Mr Aurangzeb’s grandfather, the aforementioned Akhund Abdul Karim, was among the pioneers of Pakistan movement in the District of Dera Ghazi Khan and was awarded (posthumous) Medal by Pakistan government on his struggle for this cause.

According to Akhund Aurangzeb, his grandfather was the man who had hoisted Pakistani Flag at a Chauk in Dera Ghazi Khan town during the movement and for that reason theChauk was named (and is still called) ‘Pakistani Chauk’. He also remained Chairman of the Municipal Committee of Dera Ghazi Khan.[27]

Some of the Afghan /Pathan Governors constructed mosques etc in the (old) town of Dera Ghazi Khan, like that built by Abdul Jabbar Khan, in 1235 Hijri, towards the closing years of Afghan rule here, with a cost of Rs.32000/- (a whooping amount at that time). It was among the principal buildings of the old town. This mosque, with some other prominent mosques, was converted to Dharmshala during Sikh rule. Another mosque of Haji Muhammad Saddozai (a Governor?) was built ‘very long ago with red mortar’ according to the District Gazetteer. It was also converted to Dharmshala during Sikh rule.[28]

Traditionally and generally each of the big mosques used to be supported with a revenue-free tract of agricultural land and the Afghan Governors continued with that tradition. One can understand that big mosques also served as educational institutions (Maktab) for the children. ????????

balochiCulture and Heritage

      Culture and Heritage

биде - Интернет магазин
игры на дисках- Интернет магазин

PEOPLE? A number of tribes constitute to make people of Balochistan. Three major tribes are Baloch (Baloch & Brahvi) and Pashtoon. The Balochi speaking tribes include Rind, Lashar, Marri, Jamot, Ahmedzai, Bugti Domki, Magsi, Kenazai, Khosa, Rakhashani, Dashti, Umrani, Nosherwani, Gichki, Buledi, Notazai, Sanjarani, Meerwani, Zahrozai, langove, kenazai and Khidai. Each tribe is further sub-divided into various branches. The tribal chief is called Sardar while head of sub-tribe is known as Malik, Takari or Mir. Sardars and Maliks are members of district and other local Jirgas according to their status. The Baloch, believed to have originally come from Arabia or Asia minor, can be divided in to two branches: the Sulemani and Mekrani as distinct from the Brahvis who mostly concentrate in central Balochistan. Among the eighteen major Baloch tribes, Bugtis and Marris are the principal ones who are settled in the buttresses of the Sulemania. The Talpur of Sind aIso claim their Baloch origin. Brahvi speaking tribe include Raisani, Shahwani, Sumulani, Sarparrah, Bangulzai, Mohammad Shahi, Lehri, Bezenjo, Mohammad Hasni, Zehri , Sarparrah, Mengal, Kurd,Sasoli, Satakzai, Lango, Rodeni, Kalmati, Jattak, Yagazehi and Qambarani , most of these tribes are bi-lingual and are quite fluent both in the Balochi and Brahvi Languages. The Pashtoon tribes include Kakar, Ghilzai Tareen, Mandokhel , Sherani, Luni, Kasi and Achakzai. ? ? ? ? LANGUAGES? Balochistan, despite its scarce population, has an uncommon racial and tribal diversity. Most of the people in the cities and towns understand and speak more than two languages. In adddition to Balochi, Pashtoo and Brahvi, the majority of the population understand and speak Urdu, the national language. In Kachhi and Sibi districts, people speak Seraiki and Sindhi. Quetta city, the confluence point of all linguistic groups accommodates not only Urdu, Balochi, Pashtoo, Brahvi and Sindhi speaking people but Darri and Persian speaking ones as well. Dehwar tribe of Sarawan sub-division in Kalat, also speaks a language derived from Persian. CULTURE?? Cultural landscape of Balochistan portrays various ethnic groups. Though people speak different languages, there is a similarity in their literature, beliefs, moral order and customs. The cementing factor is religion which provides a base for unity and common social order. Brahvi, Balochi and Pashtoon tribes are known for their hospitality. Guest is accorded is held in high esteem and considered a blessing from God. Better off people even slaughter sheep or goat for their guest. Sometimes, it so happens that where there are more houses, the guest is assumed to be the guest of the whole village. This open heartedness is the loving feature of the tribal people and is not as deep in the city or town dwellers. Another adorable feature of Balochistan culture is faithfulness and sincerity in all relationships. There is no place or respect for unfaithful people in prevalent moral order. If fidelity is reciprocated with disloyalty or betrayal it is never forgotten. MARRIAGES?? Marriages are solemnized in presence of Mullah (a religious teacher) and witnesses. Life partners are commonly selected within the family (constituting all close relatives) or tribe. Except a negligible fraction of love marriages, all marriages are arranged. Divorce rate is very low. A lot of marriage rituals are celebrated in different tribes. In some tribes, the takings of “Valver”, a sum of money paid by the groom to his to be wife’s family, also exist. But this custom is now gradually dying out since it has given rise to many social problems. The birth of a male child is taken as a source of p ride since he is though t to be the defender ?of this family and tribe. DRESS????/ The mode of dress among the Balochi, Pashtoon and Brahvi tribes is very similar having a few minor dissimilarities. Turban is the common headwear of the men. Wide loose shalwar (a bit similar to loose trouser) and knee-long shirts are worn by all. The dress of the woman consists of the typical shirt having a big pocket in front. The shirt normally has embroidery work with embedded small round mirror pieces. Big ‘Dopatta’ or ‘Chaddar’, a long rectangular piece of cloth cascading down the shoulders and used to cover head, are used by the women.///// FESTIVALS???? There are religious and social festivals celebrated by the people of Balochistan. Two major religious festivals are Eid-ul-Azha and Eid-ul-Fiter. On these festivals people adorn their houses, wear new dresses, cook special dishes and visit each other. Eid-Meladun-Nabi is another religious festival. It is a celebration of the Holy Prophet’s birthday. Numerous colorful social festivals are also source of jubilation. Sibi festival that traces its roots to Mehergar, an archeological site of ancient human civilization, attracts people from across the country. It is attended by common folks, ministers and other government officials. Folk music performance, cultural dances, handicrafts stalls, cattle shows and a number of other amusing activities present a perfect riot of color. Buzkashi is a peculiar festival showing valour of Balochistan people. It is celebrated on horse-back by two teams that use their skills to snatch a goat from the each other.?????????/

Jirga for including Rajanpur, DG Khan in Balochistan

Jirga for including Rajanpur, DG Khan in Balochistan

DERA GHAZI KHAN: A Jirga comprising intellectuals and social and political figures has demanded that the Baloch-dominated Rajanpur and Dera Ghazi Khan should either be included in Balochistan or be made an independent province, Koh-e-Suleman, to end backwardness in the area.??

An organisation, the Baloch Sangat Qaumi Tehreek, was established to motivate the Baloch population for the inclusion of the two districts in Balochistan. The Jirga was held at the residence of Mir Abdul Rehman Khan Buzdar on Thursday night and was attended by representatives of Baloch tribes, including Buzdar, Qaisrani, Leghari, Mazari, Chakrani, Dostlani, Hadiyani, Ghulamani, Hamlani and other leading tribes.?

The Jirga unanimously adopted a resolution against the Seraiki province. It also established a six-member committee comprising Mir Abdul Rehman Buzdar, Jamal Khan Leghari, Dr Abdul Rehman Leghari, Dr Iqbal Habibullah Buzdar and Ghulam Qasim Mujahid Baloch to suggest a name for the party. The Jirga announced that the Baloch tribes would continue their struggle against the tribal chiefs and feudal lords, who were demanding the Seraiki province and ignored the southern Punjab in terms of development.

The Balochistan National Party district president, Kaka Buzdar, said that majority of schools in the tribal areas were dysfunctional and students were unable to study while feudal lords were totally ignoring the issue.

Ghulam Qasim Mujahid Baloch said that the rulers were exploiting the rights of common people and tribesmen. Allah Bakhash Buzdar, Rab Nawaz Leghari, Safdar Buzdar, Iqbal Khan Leghari, Nazeer Khan and other tribal dignitaries attended the Jirga.?

Allah Bakhash Buzdar, advocate, an eminent historian and intellectual, said that Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur had been the part of Balochistan historically, culturally and socially as over 90 per cent population in both semi-tribal districts belonged to various Baloch tribes, being on the tail-end of the Punjab, felt a sense of deprivation.??

He said that thousands of people belonging to the ignored districts were serving in various departments of Balochistan after job opportunities were not provided to them in the Punjab. He alleged that tribal heads were only protecting their personal interests and had no concern with the masses. He declared the government-sponsored feudal system the root cause of the backwardness and said that the forum would properly serve the purpose against the powerful feudal and tribal chiefs. It was also decided that meetings of the Baloch Sangat would be held in both districts regularly.??????????????

Nawab Akbar Bugti History In Urdu

Nawab Akbar Bugti History In Urdu

Nawab Akbar Bugti ne Pakistan mein ibtaadai taleem hasil karne ke baad Oxford University se high education taleem hasil ki. Wo 1946 mein apne qabile ke 19th (leader) bane.1949 mein Nawab Akbar Bugti hukomat ki khososi permission se Pakistan Soul Service Academy se P.A.S ka exam diye bina education hasil ki. Baad mai wo Sindh aur Balochistan ke shahi gharja ke rakan naamzaad howe.1951 meini Balochistan ke Governer General ke mashir mukarar howe.Wo 1958 mai Wazeer e Mumlikat ke tor per wafaqi kabina mai shamil howe.1960 mai wo National Awami Party mein shamil huye. Ayub khan ke daur mein Akbar Bugti kuch arsa jail mein bhi rahe.?

Jab Ataullah Mengal, Balochistan ke wazeer e ala bane to nawab sahib ke neep ki qayadat se Iktalafaat hogae. 1973 mai jab zulfiqar Ali Bhutto ne neep ki hukomat ko barkhuwast kiya to Akbar sahib ko province ka Governer muqarer kiya. Wo 10 year Governer rahe lekin baad mai Bhutto Sahib se ikhalafaat ki bina per mustafi hogae. 1977 mai unhone Air marshal Asghar Ali khan ki sirbarahi mai qaim tahareek istaklaal mai shamoliyat ikhtiyar ki.??

1988 mein Akbar Bugti Balochistan ki sobai assembly ke rakun muntakhib hoye. February 1989 se August 1990 tak wo Balochistan ke muntakhib wazeer e aala rahe(Chief Minister of Balochistan). Benazeir Bhutto ne Balochistan ke assembly ko tahaleel kar diya.1993 ke intakhabaat mai wo Dirah Bhagti se apni new jamat jamhori watan party ke rakan qamI assembly muntakhib howe. Nawab Akbar Bugti ne qaumi assembly (national assembly) mein urdu language ka bycotte kiya. Akbar Bugti ne 1997 our 2002 ke intakhabaat mein hissa nahi liya.?

Nawab Akbar Bugti ke Kohlo ke Mari qabila se rishtedari thi. Saal 2003 se 2006 tak Akbar Bugti Mari Sardaro ke sath mil kar hukomat ke khilaf province ke haqooq ke liya qoom parastoon ki qayadat karta rahe. kohlo ke pahardoon mein kai months se rohposh rahe. 26th August ke roz apni jan sa hath dhoh bethe.

Agarcha zindagi mein Nawab Akbar Bugti ki personality boht mutanaza rahi lekin jin halaat mai in ki death hoi, is se in ke bare mai awm ke souchne ka andaaz badle gaya. In ki death ke baad awam ki souch mai kia tabdeeli ai is ka andaza app in ke personality per boht jama tabseerah bhi hai. “mujha yaqeen hai ke inki death per Pakistan aur khas tor pa Balochistan meini logoon ko dukh tu hoga lekin heart nai hoi hogi.

???????
“ye 1970 ka zamana nai ke hum inhyn paharhoon ke peecha peecha dhundte rahe.Unhyn pata bhi nai parega ke wo kis cheez se hate howe hai. Akber Bhugti ke sath do or leader mughaleef baloch sardaroon ke liya Pakistan ke foogi leader General Pervaiz Musharaf ne kaha tha and Murharaf sahib ne baloch ke sath woi salook kiya jo sadam hussain ne kardon ke sath kiya tha.

“Humara maqsad jitna hoskha general perriz musharaf ki zidagi ageeran bana nab a in se in ke beairko mai wapis jane tak karhto rehna hai is in kebeairko mai wapis jane tak larhta larte rehna hain”is 79 saala bemar baloch sardar ne ab baloch goreelon ki qayadat rarte how keg air mulki reporter se rehna tha mujha bachpan mai bhagtiyoon ke is sardar ki ek jalse mai ki hoi speed yaad ha jo unho ne apne bhai mir ahmed nawaz ki intekhabi muhim chalane ke doraan rahi thi “ghanook (gair boaloch ke liye word) ke sir ki cost kia hai ghanook ka blood baha black donkey ki back per rakhi hoi jo ki bus ek boori hai”.
Yeh wo zamana tha jub area mai bhgtiyoon ra ek or baloch qabile jakharaniyoon ke sathn qabaili tasadam tha jo ek sadi se ek farq ke khetoon mai dosre ke animal ke chale ane se start howa tha our “Anis sawaci”ki dahai mai safai per khatem howa.?????????

Ye wo Bhugti tha jis ki Governer Balochistan ki haseeyat se radio per English language mai ane wali speech our Bhutto ki English language per dastaras per “Muqabale baazi” kerte the Shebaaz khan famous nawab akber bhagti bhagti, sardar mehrab khan ke son the jim ka naam opne grandfather shebaaz khan per rakha tha.

Jab February 1843 mai Sir Charles ne sindh fataah krne ki muhim ke doraan Jeikababaad aur Sibhi ki taraf peeshqadmi kit hi to Bhugti qabail ne issa zabardast mazhammat di thi.Jis ke baadin ke sardar Shebaaz Khan ko English ko raam krna parha.

Jab sindh mai haroon ne English Government ke khelaaf baagawaat ki to isse qochalne ke liye Punjabi or Pathanoon foogiyoon Angareezoon ne Bhagtiyoon ki bhi khidmaat hasil ki thin. Jis ke sille mai Shebaaz Khan ko sindh mai Sangaard Zaalae mai boht property di gai.Jo aaj bhi Nawab Bhugti ke naam se famous hain.
Shebaaz Khan ko Angareezoon ne count banaya tha,jab mojooda Queen Bartaneia ki taajposhi ki London mai rasam hoi to is mai Akber Bhagti bhi shamil the. Nawab Bhugti ki American mates thin.

In ke bachpan mai hi in ke father Nawab Merharb khan ki death hogai to in ki zaminen aur dosri imlaq ka intezam in ke baligh hone tk hukomat ke under vision Court of wardaz mai agaya or inki or inke bhai Ahmed Nawaz ki education keliya Sindh Madarsa School mai parh rahe hain.

Nawab Bhugti mai ek hi waqt mai hazaar saal purana qabaili ,latest educated brain sath raheta the. In ki library mai falsafa ,shaeri aur classical English language ki books hazaro ki tadat mai nazar ati thin. Gair mulki ladies reporters aur Anhar wapalo jiston se kei hours tak batein krne wale Akbar Bhugti khud apni ladies ke bare mai boht qadamat pasand waqai howe tha bulke in ke dosre qabail mai bhi siya kari ye carokari per ladies kill hoti aur wo inke faisle kiya krte tha.???????

1960 ki dahai mai Pakistani foog ke khilaf baloch hatiyar la ker paharon per is waqt chale gayn the. Jab siya kari ye carokari mai kill hone wali ek lady ki blood mai bhari shalwar ko intezamiyah ne case property ke tor per talab ki thi jis per baloch mushtaal hogae the.

Balochoon ka ehtajaaj baad mai shorish mai mushoor hogaya.Baloch sardar Noor rooz Khan or is ke sons ko Hyderabaad mai phansi dadi gai.Jab ke Akber Bhugti ko bhi Ayub khan ki hukomat ne phansi ki saaza di,jo in ke dost Zulfiqas Ali Bhutto ki koshisho se baad mai maafi mai tabdil hogai.

Issi doran government ne in ko sardari sa hata ke in ke qabile mai in mukhalif ko Bhagti qabail ka sardar banwaya lekin bhagti qabail ne 24 hours k andar new hukomat sardar ka sir qalam kardiya.Yahiyah Khan ke dino mai Pakistan mai hone wale 1st intekhabaat mai in ko na ehal qarar diya gaya tha lekin unhone apne bhai or National Awaami Party mai umeedwar Sir Ahmed Nawaz Bhagti ki himayat mai muhim chalai thi.

1970 ke intekhabaat mai Balochistan ke results heerat angeez ayn. In intekhabaat mai Nawab Khair Bhagsh qami asamli ki kolo wali nasht se tamam Pakistan main sub say zada woot hasal kia thy jub k nichlay motawasad tab k se ae howay nojawan dartor abdul he boloch

Bolochiyoon ne sabit kar diya tha ke wo Muslah Tahareek ke bajaen intakhabi ammal ko targi dite hain. Mager Mashreqi Pakistan mai hone intekhabaat ke results ko tasleem na karne par paida hona wale buhran ke dino mai bhugti sahib ne Pakistan, India or Afghanistan ke beach confederation ki tajvez paish kar di thi.

1973 mein Zulfiqar Ali bhutto ne Balochistan mein neap ki government khatam karne per inhe Bolochistan ka governor moqarar kar diya.neap ki government khatam karne par Bolochistan ne Bhutto ke khilaf baghawat ke liya mountains per chale gae.????

Bolochistan mai ek story famous hai ke bolochistan mai 1973 ke foogi operation ke doran boloch qom parastoon ne inhe “Gadare boloch” qara dadiya isi operation ke doran Bhutto ne bolochistan mai “Shsh” our sarkari ka khatima ka elaan kardiya. 1993 mein Akbar Bugti Qaumi Assembly ke rakan muntakhaib huye aur balochistan libaas mein nazar qaeyn or national assembhy mai bhi halaf apne mothertorque language bolochi mai utaya jis per inke khilaf both “Shoor Sharaba” hova .

1988 mein markaz e mukhalef per ke intekhabaat jeet kar ane aur in ki hukomat banane ki saalahitin aur mari jaise tall baloch qom parash rehnomao ke mulk se bahar hone aur mulk ki politics se buth mayosi mein Akbar sahib hi ek aise tall baloch the jis se foog aur is ki agencies ko danger tha. 1980 ki dahai mai oil or gas ke zakhair inki zameeno per se nikalne ke bawajood bhugti qabail aaj bhi zaida tar qabail purane door duzar rahe hain jo sach and jhoot ki dawahi foot per doat ka blood laga kar data hai, or angharoon wali aag per chalte hain

       Article. The history of balochistan       

Aslamolekum..Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan with an area of 347056 sq. Kms, over 40% of the country's land mass. It traces its history from times immemorial. Before the birth of Christ, it had commerce and trade with ancient civilization of Babylon through Iran and into the valleys of Tigris and Euphrates. Alexander the Great also had an encounter with the Serbia tribe of Balochistan. Muhammad Bin Qasim and Mehmood Ghaznavi also invaded Balochistan resulting in the development of Muslim character. Even today most tribal people of this province resemble Arabs and the inhabitants can be quite a fascinating subject of study by anthropologists. Balochistan is a land of contrast. It has places with lofty and rugged mountains under Chiltan, Takatu, Suleiman, Sultan etc. and plains stretching to hundreds of miles. It has fertile land like that of Nasirabad, as well as, tracks' which are thirsty for centuries, and where even a bush could hardly be sighted like that of Pat section of Sibi District and Dasht-e-Makran in Makran Division. It has hottest places in the country like Sibi and Dhadar, where temperature shoots up to over 120 °F, as well as coldest towns like Quetta, Kalat, Ziarat, Kan Mehtarzai where mercury falls down much below freezing point."The mountains are the Balochi's forts; the peaks are better than any army; the lofty heights are our comrades; the pathless gorges our friends. Our drink is from the flowing springs; our bed the thorny bush; the ground we make our pillow". These lines are from a Balochi war song. The land which nurtures such independent and brave people is indeed daunting. Barren, rugged mountains that burn in the summer and freeze in the winter In between the cheerless mountains are dry and wide deserts and, of course, beautifully fertile valleys - wherever water is available. These give this rugged land great scenic beauty. Balochistan Province covers a huge area in the southwest of Pakistan. It is a sparsely populated land bordering Afghanistan and Iran. Much of it is a high barren plateau 1,000 to 1,250 meters (3.000 to 4.000 feet) above sea level, enclosed by the Toba Kakar mountain range along the Afghan border and by the Suleman range which borders the Indus river. To the south lies one of the most inhospitable deserts in the world, the Makran. which nearly defeated Alexander the Great when he marched through it on his way home.Balochi is a generalized term, for the people include the Dravidian-speaking Brahui possibly the last descendants of the Indus Civilization, and the Jat or Zutt, an Indo Aryan speaking people of Indian origin. In the northwest of Balochistan, Pathans make up the majority of the population, and there is a sizeable minority of them elsewhere in the province. Most people speak Brabui, Baiochi and Pushto. Almost half the population of Balochistan lives within 80 Kms (50 miles) of the provincial capital, Quetta. Development of underground and surface water resources laying down of road over its vast stretches and taking industry to Balochistan have been the first priorities of the Government. Talking of fruit, the date industry occupies a special position - mainly in the Makran district ,which with an area of 23,460 sq. miles is the largest district in the country. More than a 100 commercial varieties of dates are produced here. Other date-producing areas are Thalwan, sub-division of Kalat and Mashkhel tehsil of Kharan district. Incidentally the Balochi language has one ~ hundred words for dates as also for camels. The Balochistan coastline extends over 750 Km from near Karachi at Hub River to the Gwadar Bay on Pak-lran border. The whole area is rich in fish. The north of the Province presents picturesque fruit farms on the slopes of snow-clad hills and blissful juniper forests. In the south there are extensive date farms and rows upon rows of branchless coconut palms in Makran District. There is scanty rainfall throughout. From 3 to 5 inches in the plains: maximum 12 inches in the hills. Variations in temperature are aThe land and people of balochistan In spite of the intrinsic hostility of its landscape and climate, archaeological discoveries have confirmed that Baluchistan was already inhabited in the Stone Age, and the important neolithic site at Mehrgarh is the earliest (7000-3000 B.C.) on the subcontinent. Until its overthrow by Alexander the Great, Baluchistan was part of the Persian Empire, whose records refer to it as "Maka". In 325 B.C. Alexander led part of his army back from his Indus campaign to Babylon across the Makran Desert at the cost of terrible suffering and high casualties. Thereafter Baluchistan lay for centuries on the shadowy borderlands of the Zoroastrian rulers of Iran and the local Buddhist and Hindu dynasties of northwestern subcontinent. Islam was brought to Baluchistan in 711 when Muhammad bin Qasim led the army which was to conquer Sind across the Makran route, but the area was always too remote for firm control to be exerted by any of the later local dynasties. It accordingly receives only very passing mention in the court histories of the time. The connections of the inland areas were variously with Iran, Afghanistan and India, those of coastal Makran rather across the Arabian Sea with Oman and the Gulf. The name "Baluchistan" only came into existence later with the arrival from Iran of the tribes called Baluch (usually pronounced "Baloch" in Pakistan). Just how and when they arrived remains a matter of hot debate, since the traditional legends of their Middle Eastern origins, supposed to have been in the Aleppo region of Syria have been further confused by cranky theories either that like the Pathans they may descend from the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, or that they originated from Babylon, since "Baluch" is phonetically similar to the names of the god Baal or the Babylonian ruler Belos. Better evidence is suggested by the Baluchi language which beIongs to the same Iranian group of Indo-European as Persian and Kurdish. This suggests that the Baluch originated from the area of the Caspian Sea, making their way gradually across Iran to reach their present homeland in around A.D. 1000, when they are mentioned with the equally warlike Kuch tribes in Firdausi's great Persian epic, the Book of Kings: Heroic Baluches and Kuches we saw, Like battling rams all determined on war. Warlike the history of the Baluch has certainly always been. As the last to arrive of the major ethnic groups of Pakistan they were faced with the need to displace the peoples already settled in Baluchistan. Some they more or less successfully subjugated or assimilated, like the Meds of Makran and other now subordinate groups. From others they faced a greater challenge, notably from the Brahui tribes occupying the hills around Kalat. The origins of the Brahuis are even more puzzling than those of the Baluch, for their language is not Indo-European at all, but belongs to the same Dravidian family as Tamil and the other languages of south India spoken over a thousand miles away. One theory has it that the Brahuis are the last northern survivors of a Dravidian-speaking population which perhaps created the Indus Valley civilisation, but it seems more likely that they too arrived as the result of a long tribal migration, at some earlier date from peninsular India. As they moved eastwards, the Baluch were initially successful in overcoming the Brahuis. Under Mir Chakar, who established his capital at Sibi in 1487, a great Baluch kingdom briefly came into existence before being destroyed by civil war between Mir Chakar's Rind tribe and the rival Lasharis, whose battles are still celebrated in heroic ballads""
. Although the Baluch moved forward into Panjab and Sind, the authority of the Moghuls
 stopped them establishing permanent kingdoms there, although the names of Dera Ghazi Khan in Panjab and Dera Ismail Khan in NWFP are still reminders of the Baluch chiefs who ??????
conquered the.??????????

BALOUCH HISTORY BALOCHISTAN

                                    BALOCHISTAN 

BALOUCH HISTORY

Balouch? is a nation consisting of 500 tribes, their tradition and commonly values are similar. They have united civilaizal society and they speak common language which is called Balouchi. nited civilaizal society and they speak common language which is called Balouchi. This language was driven from ancient Indo-Iranian language. 'also known as an ancient spoken language. It is pronounceless language spoken in accordance with tribes areas. 
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This nation lives in a vast land called Balouchistan located in easter part of Asia north of Gulf penisala occupied by three modern countries Iran, Pakistan and Afghanstan. The part which is taken by Iran Known as Iranian Balouchisatan. Zaidan is capital of it measuring in miles 69,487 sq miles.The second is located in west of Pakistan is known as Balouchistan. The capital is Quetta and it has 34,000 sq miles. The population of Balouchistan lacks specified record here by give the approximate figure which is 1,50,000. ???

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"The history of the Baloch is, however, still in dark. Research scholars have different opinions. Some say they belong to the northern regions of Elburz, now inhabited by Ashkanis, originally Aryans. Some historians maintain that they came from Halab, Allepe, and are Semites. It is also believed that they from the old stock of Sumerians of Mesopotamia, while others regard the Baloch as the remnants of indigenous population of the area. The historians, however, mostly concern themselves in tracing the Baloch racical origin either from among the Indo-Europeans or the Semites. Neither should one object on these methods for historical research, nor doubt the fact that there had been an admixture of various people with Baloch like the Scythians, Pathians, Ashkanis, Sakas, Kushans, Huns, Turks and many others; nor contest the proposition that Baloch, culturally, were greatly influenced by Tigris-Euphrates civilization at different stages of history. " {Janmahmad} 
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"The origin of the word 'Baloch' is still unknown. E. Herzefeld believes that it is derived from brza-vaciya, which came from brza-vak, a Median word meaning a loud cry, in contrast to namravak, quiet, polite way of talking. Some writers maintain that the Baloch owe their name to Babyloian King 'Belus', also the name of their God. It is also believed that the word is anick-name meaning a `cock's comg`. As the Baloch forces who fought against Astyages (585-550 B.C.) wore distinctive helmets decorated with a cock's comb, the name `Baloch' is said to have been derived from the token of cock. Some writers believe that etymologically it is made of two Sankrit words, `Bal` and `Och`. `Bal` means strength or power, and `Och`, high or magnificent. The word `Baloch' therefore, means very powerful and magnificent. Yet another erroneous version is that Baloch mean `nomad` or `wanderer`. This has been presumed perhaps due to the innocent use of the word for nomadic people, and may be because of the fact that the term may be used by indigenous settlers for the Baloch nomads. 
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The first Baloch migration from the Caspian See region, most probably around 1200 B.C., must have been motivated by this general historical phenomenon. They first settled in northern Persia. We have the authority of Persion poet, Firdousi (935-1020 A.D.) and also strong historical evidences that the Baloch were a political and military force during the times of Cyrus and Combyses. 

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However, the Baloch movement from Kirman and Seisran to Makkuran and then Eastern Balochistan was not the only result of the lack of sufficient productive forces to meet their demands, or insufficient grazing fields for their flocks, because the area they migrated to was no better in natural resources than the area in which they had been settled for centuries. The main reason was their conflict with rulers and their own internal enmity which resulted in a weakening of their political position. yet another factor most probably was the Mongolian invasion of Central Asia and the subsequent political anarchy in the whole region. 
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From the evidences available, it is establiched that by the beginning of the Christian era, the Baloch were one of the major people inhabiting Iranian Balochistan, Seistan and Kirman. Their migration further east into Makkuran must also be the result of Anushervan's (531-578 A.D.) attack on them. But according to some Iegends, it was at a later stage and was the result of a quarrel between the Kirman ruler and the Baloch Chief who was the successor to the most powerful leader, Ismael Romi. The former demanded forty-four girls, one from each Baloch tribe, for his harem. The Baloch dressed up boys in girls' disguise and, fearing the wrath of the ruler, migrated from Kirman and took refuge in Makkuran. 
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The Kurds 

The Baloch have always been referred by the ancient chroniclers with Koch who appear to be the original inhabitants of Balochistan before the Baloch arrival and also with Kurds. Many ethnologists believe that the Kurds belong to the Median branch of Aryan tribes who were mixed up with many people of indigenous origin and later invaders including Semites, Armenians and Turkomans. 



The Kurds have been living in Kurdish region and Zagros area since the Semitic conquest of Assyria. They are said to have posed a permanent nuisance for the weak rulers of Assyria by organizing raids on Tigris mainland. In a Sumerian inscription dated 2000 B.C. a country known as Kardala is mentioned; and afterwards the Assyrian King, Tiglath Pileser, (circa 745-724 B.C.) appears to have fought a tribe referred as Kur-ti-e. Xenophon (circa 434-355 B.C.) also speaks of Kardukai, a mountain-folk who harassed his march towards the sea. Some archaeological evidences tend to show a Kurdish kingdom which flourished in the second millennium B.C. on the borders of the Semitic empire in Babylonia. In a later period, the Kurds cavalry seved as the vanguard of Cyrus army in capturing Babylonia in 539 B.C. 


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The Kurds are from the same origin as that of Baloch. The period of their migration from the Caspian region may be a few centuries earlier than the Baloch who followed at a later period; but instead of going to their people in Zagros mountainous region, outskirts of Mesopotamia, they headed towards east. Linguistically and culturally they must have been from the same stock."?????